a decrease in feed intake, digestibility (energy, organic matter and amino acids including lysine, threonine, isoleucine, valine

a source of protein, energy and pigments for livestock species including fish. It is also

levels of copra meal may, therefore, suffer from lysine deficiency ( Tacon et al., 2009 ). Supplementary lysine and methionine

and dead or culled chicks ( Al-Harthi et al., 2010 ; Freeman, 2008 ). World poultry production, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese

production of DDGS includes a drying step that may damage amino acids, notably lysine. Lysine content of

may help to prevent rumen acidosis. Corn gluten feed is low in lysine, and amino

the foxtail amaranth grain: protein content is high (14-18% DM) with a high lysine (5.8% of

Likewise, the term  carob bean husks  may refer to the deseeded pod (including the pulp

ground outside the brewery spoil quickly and can become an environmental nuisance, including water pollution. Using brewers

varies widely either within cultivars or between varieties (23 to 28%). The lysine content of lablab

These toxins, produced by  Fusarium  fungi, cause a wide range of symptoms including weight loss, feed refusal

1992 ; Duke, 1981 ). Alysicarpus vaginalis grows on a wide range of soils including heavy clays though it

as a substitute for soybean meal. Rapeseed protein is poorer in lysine than soybean (5.5

et al., 2005 ). It is suitable for growing, fattening and lactating animals, including dairy cows ( Mullen, 1999

for the food industry ( Prabhakaran Nair, 2010 ). It has also numerous non-food applications, including as a feedstock

represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil

allows for the production of multiple food and industrial products, including starch, proteins, fructose, oil

45% NDF; 7% lignin DM). Like the seeds, lima bean foliage contains antinutritional factors including oxalates, tannins and

source of pigment in layer diets. Depigmented annatto seeds In Brazil, including up to 15

mixed with wheat, mustard or castor. Lentils can be intercropped with small grain cereals but rotations including other legumes,  Brassica  species

have a good feeding potential for many classes of herbivore livestock, including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats

varieties have been created to improve the industrial or nutritional value: high lysine, high tryptophan, high oil

ratio remained unchanged up to 50% maize replacement. The authors confirmed that including bread waste was economically

is mainly grown as an annual. It is a highly variable plant: many characteristics, including size (2 to

napus  L. and interspecific crosses of  Brassica napus  with other Brassica species including  Brassica rapa  L. and

nuda  L.) ( Rines et al., 2006 ). The caryopses are of different colours, including white, grey, yellow or

the negligible level of gossypol observed in the cottonseed hulls, including those from cotton varieties

to 2000 m. It grows on a wide range of soils, including those that are acidic

is a major feed ingredient for all types of livestock including poultry. It is used

is deficient in amino acids that essential in many livestock species, notably lysine, methionine, histidine and

stylo. Stylo does well in most soils from sands to light clays (including those that are relatively

an excellent source of B-complex vitamins, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals, including a biologically

presence in mulberry leaves of compounds that might be sequestered by silkworms, including essential oils, flavenoids and

lower in protein than all other cereals, broken rice is comparatively rich in lysine ( Choct, 2002 ). High energy

by 30-50 kg/ha ( Muehlbauer et al., 1997 ). On a 3-year rotation including peas, average N savings

16% fat) is prone to rancidity, which may result in various symptoms including diarrhoea, low feed intake

biomass and overall activity, earthworms dominate the world of soil invertebrates, including arthropods. They play a

improve the nutritional value of faba beans for livestock feeding including: extrusion; infrared heating (micronizing

looks similar to that of other legume seeds: rich in lysine (5%, less than soybean

mixtures under a wide range of climate and soil conditions, including heavy grazing ( Khamseekhiew et

fibre down to 0-3% DM ( Ly, 2004 ). Bananas are poor in lysine and sulphur

which is comparable to cereal grains). Potatoes are an excellent source of lysine, but low contents of

grasses, chemical and nutritive value of pangola grass vary with several factors including age of regrowth

only in small amounts in the diets of monogastric species (including humans). Common vetch also

forage Sorghum grain Description  Sorghum grain ( Sorghum bicolor  (L.) Moench) is used by various food industries, including milling, starch production, brewing

Doosselaere, 2013 ). The term "peanut" may refer to the whole fruit (including the shell

var.  ruziziensis  (R. Germ. & Evrard) Ndab. ( USDA, 2015 ; Quattrocchi, 2006 ) Taxonomic information  Many Brachiaria species, including Bracharia ruziziensis , have been

kernels. The kernels contain 44-62% oil ( King et al., 2009 ). Most Jatropha species, including Jatropha curcas , contain numerous

in the same conditions as cowpea and can better tolerate harsh conditions (including drought, waterlogging and

concerning peanut hulls was found. Different fibre sources were compared for lactating dairy cows, including a 50

Le Houérou, 1992 ). It is outstandingly tolerant of alkaline and saline soils (including those above 16 dS

Burkina Faso during the dry season ( Amole et al., 2014 ). In Nigeria, including up to 30

matter intake; ADG: average daily gain) Country Animal Diet Results Reference Cuba Heifers Pasture + legume mixture including Clitoria Pasture alone ADG

clover is a palatable forage, and more so than common forage species including perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne

with rice deprives weeds from residual water and thus provides an effective weed control (including against weedy rice) ( Ferrero

2 mg/kg by the Codex Alimentarius ( Codex Alimentarius, 2011 ). Other pesticides are used, including carbamates and organophosphates

warm countries. The most important producers of canned pineapples are Asian countries including Thailand, the Philippines

regions of Asia and Africa, into Australia and several Pacific islands, including Hawaii, French Polynesia and

is a common practice in hatcheries of most cultured species, including fish, shrimp, and

important: several authors improved performance by adding methionine to the diet (but not lysine) ( Amaefule et al., 2011

in dairy diets ( Maasdorp et al., 1999 ). In Kenya, with lower-producing cattle, including 25% calliandra in

products of chickpea cultivation and processing are used for animal feeding, including low-grade and

the Scottish islands and Scandinavia (Gotland, Norway, Finland), mostly to ruminants (including calves) and pigs

2 mg/kg by the Codex Alimentarius ( Codex Alimentarius, 2011 ). Other pesticides are used, including carbamates and organosphosphates

al., 1992 ). Processing Wheat grain can be fed whole or processed. Many processes can be used, including dry rolling, steam rolling

pastry. Sorghum grain is used for the production of alcoholic beverages, including beer and liquors

and increased dressing percentage, weight of breast muscle and thigh muscle, muscle lysine and tryptophan

a protein-rich and fat-rich biomass suitable for various purposes, including animal feeding for

soybean hulls have not been included routinely in pig diets ( Lewis et al., 2001 ). Including soybean hulls in

52.2 kg) Syria Prickly sesban (leaves + stems) hay offered in a diet including lentil straw and

DM, and very high levels of fibre (ADF more than 30% DM), including lignin (about 9% DM

a winter crop. Grass pea thrives on a wide range of soils, including poor soils and

27% of DM) and fibre (crude fibre 15-45% of DM), including lignin (4-27% of

pardalina ) are commonly eaten. In Japan, China and Korea, rice field grasshoppers (including Oxya yezoensis , Oxya velox

barley and it is a staple food in several countries including Morocco, India, China and